Simple UNDERSTANDING of WALL STREET the STOCK MARKET!

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WALL STREET

   Located in lower Manhattan, New York City. Along a half mile long strip referred to as the financial district of America lies "WALL STREET".  

   America's major stock exchanges, a bountiful of headquarters to the largest financial & brokerage institutions in the country all reside here. 

   Books, movies and stories the likes none other. Wealth built and lost. Lives & legacies sprouting life of their own just as the $$$ signs have blown swiftly along this street for centuries. 

Wall street.....yes. I'm sure you've heard some of the stories!

   The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) & National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) are just a few of the renowned exchanges that are well established here.

   Wall streets central role, representing the backbone of American economic culture. An intense caterer to the billions if not trillions of dollars in high financial investments 5 days a week.

   It is this massive fluctuation of stocks each day that most interest investors and brokerage alike. Where buying & selling of major outstanding shares can make or break individual investors and companies. This intricate maze of regulations, speculation and estimation into the worlds business mechanics, engulfs one hopes to increase their cash flow within their portfolio.

   There are NO crystal balls, no clear cut path to predicting the ups or downs on the behaviors of a particular company. Any one element can effect the performance of said business.......the weather in one part of the world, a war in another, the politics of a country. Even the buying/selling or merging of companies ALL can funnel down line to cause movements, calculations and a frenzy amongst investors, brokers.

   It comes down to education........studying trends, past actions, research and more research. It's that gut feelings, knowing a little more about a part of that business that someone else missed. And there's a place to get all that in, call the "stock market"


STOCK MARKET

   Also known as equity or shares market, as mentioned in an earlier post, in it's simplicity.......the buying & selling (trading) shares of stocks & bonds in a company.  Giving private & public companies admission to additional capital through stock exchanges.

    These exchanges at one time use to trade through paper tickets and the investors would receive a certificates of stock from the company they've invested in. Due to technological advances certain indices like the NASDAQ are now traded completely digitally.

   Choosing these stocks is no simple task. The goal of any investor is to obviously profit. Stock exchanges will list shares of common equity as well as other securities such as corporate bonds & convertible bonds. More on these later on in the series.

   Companies do not always do well. This is where the different types of exchanges come into play. As we began to identify a few of the different index institutions. Let's take a look at these initial phases into the process of playing the markets.

   For instance, a private company is looking to expand it business. There is a process involved, a kind of two step stage for which it must proceed. 

1st - Primary market

     Primary Market  or New Issues Market (NIM) in where a private company decides to get listed (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission S.E.C.) on the exchanges enabling them to sell stocks to the public for the first time. Thereby issuing it's first shares in an Initial Public Offering, IPO aka "Going Public". Investors & investment banks purchase these shares at a price directly from the issuing company.

   Within this primary market there is what is known as "Rights Issues". And is where shares are first offered to investor at a reduced price who have already purchased shares. They are, let's say, privileged.

   Next, we have something called "Private Placement", the company issues a limited amount of stock privately to a limited number of qualified investors. Usually this happens if a company is newer, and has  not yet met public listing requirements, or simply just wants to remaining private.

   Yet, another preferred investor privileged offer is called similarly "Preferential Allotment".  Same as with private placement issued funding but with a different set of standards. Company acts vary per funding practices. 


2nd - Secondary Market

   Referred to as the secondary market, shares are brought from a second party involvement. Like a broker, seller and of course off the stock exchange.

Broken down further into two distinctive markets.

  1) AUCTION MARKET 

   Within the secondary market process, a trade is established when the buyer set their highest price and the seller has set their lowest price. A bid is agreed upon and a trade is contrived.

  
2) DEALER MARKET

   National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations  or NASDAQ is the shiny example of an dealer market. Is where trader who act on their own accounts and not a third party, buy & sell within specialized commodities. The ability to move swiftly on a trade when a value is met is the advantage to these market makers. 

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INDEX

How does one value a companies stock in order to decide which to invest?

   Index or indices, simply is a list. Life isn't that complicated so let's just not make it that way. It's a list of public traded companies that can have their stocks  performances track by selected groups. Some groups are tracked by payout (dividend) history, company growth or industry associations. It may be a combination of values. As we move forward, we will mostly identify with the more known indices. Yet, understand there are many many of them out there and worldwide.

   There needs to be a way in order to measure what the value of the stock market is. What baseline are companies gauged at so that the public, investors, regulators and financial institutions have a general knowledge of certain segment within the business world.

We find different stock indices widely followed, such as the S&P 500 index, the Dow Jones Industrial Average index, the Nasdaq  index or the Russell 2000. They all measure the changes (value) in different portfolios of securities.

   This is done through a weighted average structure. Involving a set of mathematical values, so as the values in this group of stocks changes so will the indicators. Whatever percentage the index does, whether it goes up or down, so does the total value of that stock of those particular group of securities.

   These index value are called“points. Which in it's name is of no value, just a way of gauging. As the most important aspect in index reading is how it performs within it's market. It may be a bonds market or the stock market. On how it compares to the previous day value's or points is the assessment. 

   When talking stocks, 1 point represents $1.00. Whereas within the context of the Bonds market, the price is valued to a percentage of $1000.00. 1 point is really the equivalent to $10


Index                                                         Follows

Dow Jones Industrial Index 30 Major US companies

S&P 500                                                  500 Major US companies

Nasdaq                                                     5000 Tech stock

Russell 3000/2000/1000                 respectively 3000 companies 

Market-Value Weighted or Capitalization-Weighted Index 

   - Size of companies weight in (influence) more over the index than smaller companies when factoring value with the markets.

Price-Weighted Index

   - Components (shares) with a higher prices receive a greater (influence) weight over the index. Meaning, the focus is on the price of each shares as oppose to the companies size.

EXCHANGES 



NYSE - New York Stock Exchange 

   Is the largest stock exchange in the world. Founded around 1792, near the corners of Wall Street & Broad, a group of merchants would meet to trade bonds & stocks of the day. Story goes they would meet near a tree as would many trader & barters at that time would do. Around 1817 this group rented a building on Wall Street which would become the 1st New York Stock exchange building.

National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation 

   With no physical trading floor, it's computers opened in 1971, the NASDAQ is a digitized marketplace for issuing, selling & buying of securities especially in the Hi-technology industry. Including those of the likes of Facebook, Amgen, Apple, Amazon, Netflix & Google. F.A.A.A.N.G. among the technology & biotech giants.    

Dow Jones Industrial Average 

  Founded in 1896, created by a journalist editor Charles Dow named along with statistician Edward Jones. This indices 30 large publicly owned U.S. companies. 




STANDARD & POOR'S (S&P) 500

S&P (S&P) 500 Index is one such index which combines the top 500 U.S. stocks together into an index value. So over time investors can look at the fluctuation in those particular markets.

Russell 3000

The Russell 3000 Index is comprised of the 3,000 largest and most liquid stocks based & traded in the U.S. Russell 2000 consist of 2000 small-cap companies. While the Russell 1000 consisting of the 1000 largest market-cap companies.

Did you know: 


    - Even though the New York Wall Street financial district is today, the hub of trillions of dollar cycling through it system.  It was not always that manner, in fact, America's 1st official stocks trading post was not even in New York. It is said to has been established in Philadelphia in 1790. Further more, America was not the 1st to set-up the markets. That title, history tells us belongs to Antwerp, Belgium around 1460. 

   - The NASDAQ at one time trade Over-the- Counter (OTC) stocks. OTC is another name for penny stocks. Now the home of some of the worlds most sophisticated Hi-tech companies. It certainly has come a long way.

   - You've heard the saying......It's a bull or bullish market, maybe it's a bear or bearish market. They have become synonymous with the stock market for decades. If you never knew why, here what I dug up.......

   First off, bears are represented as slow moving, sluggish or dull. The bear also strikes it's paws in a downward motion doing battle. Whereas bulls are more lively, spunky and alert. In battle, the bull hooks in an upward motion.

   It's these terms that reflect how the stock market is performing. The BEAR market is in a decline or downward trend. Leaving the BULL market in an upward or rising trend.

And now you know!

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Copyright © 2017 Andrew Hayes All Rights Reserved

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Investment Terminology: Stock Markets, Shares & Dividends

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   Before stepping further into this world of financial investment, we should become familiar with a few of the terminology used in this industry. There are literally thousands of  phrases, jargons & languages used in the finance world. We'll start with some of the more common everyday wordings. Then define others as they pertain to that particular subject matter.......

Stock Market                          

   When companies that need to grow their business they will often raise money by offering a percentage of their companies to you, the public. You may ask, well why would someone give away a piece of their company when they could obtain a loan from a bank right? Yes, they could, but then the companies starts accumulating debt. Here's what we're looking at when considering financing a business........ If said company ADH profit in the future, a bank loan could be better suited. Yet, said company ADH would still pay huge sums of interest.

   This becomes the concern, will company ADH profit in the following years after the loan. Since nothing is guaranteed in life, as surely the outcome of any business. These companies offer off a piece of the business called "shares." Which entitles the "share-holder' a portion of the profit called dividends. The trade-off, no pun intended, is now the company pulls in the necessary financing but the share-holder absorbs the risk  should the company not perform well.

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   The dictionary defines "shares" as a part or portion of a larger amount that is divided among a number of people, or to which a number of people contribute. You may have been investing in shares and not really know it. See some companies offer pension/retirement plans. Have you ever participate in a companies 401K plan. Yep, you were investing in some form of the stock market.

   In short, the stock market is a place to trade (buy and/or sell) shares or pieces of a company. 


EXCHANGES 

  Known as exchanges, these companies, businesses including government entities have a platform to raise capital. These facilities can regulate the trading (buying & selling) of stocks, securities including other financial products like commodities.

Top World Exchanges:

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ)

London Stock Exchange (LSE)

Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE/TYO)

has merged with Japan Exchange Group (JPX)

   When a stock is first offered (sold) to the public by a company, it is known as an I.P.O. or initial public offering. Once these shares are sold to the public and because the stock exchange tracks their progress. The shareholder can now utilize this information to sell, buy or trade more stocks.

There are two types of shares:

COMMON

   Common shares are the most prominent of the two. Holders of these shares can vote on the companies leadership called "board of directors"  & certain corporate affairs. Shareholders make their money when the value of the company increases (appreciates) and when dividends are paid on the shares owned. 
   The down side is the amount paid out will vary due to companies value. Also if the business/company ends up bankrupt, common shareholders are the last to get any funds. Creditors and other company expenses along with what are known as preferred shares will get paid before common share.

PREFERRED

   Preferred shares pays are generally paid more due to prearranged terms but do not get to vote on any of the companies affairs. These stocks are guaranteed because of their fixed agreement yet do not yield the same profit potential as common stock. Some would say this is a more stable invest, sighting that payouts are not attached to the interest of the markets. As well as getting some money returned in case the company goes under.

DIVIDENDS

   A dividend is a shareholders payout from the profits of the company they own a piece of. These payouts are done quarterly, sometimes paid in cash, sometimes distributed in stocks or properties. Instead of interest paid by banks into an saving account. Here the company pays an (allowance) to it's shareholder from the profits it has accumulated.
   Remember shares is the offering to the public a chance to buy a piece of said business. Because not all companies or businesses offer shares as a means to raise capital. Others may offer what is called equity stake. Which are not traded on the stock market.
   A person can have a stake in the business. If the company has only one owner (Sole proprietorship) that person is said to have a 100% stake in his or her business. This person can raise additional finance (capital) by offer a partnership, a stake in the business. 
   
   Example: Two people invest in the business. Each one has a 50% stake in the business. Three person will have a 33.33% stake in said business just as four people would each have a 25% equity stake in the business and so on. However, this is a simple example, in reality, contracts that are drawn up constitutes formal stakes. One make invest $10,000.00 for a 5% stake in the business if that is the agreement.

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Blue Chips: 

   A companies stock that has had a consistent high yield earning, long solid stable history. Are coined "BLUE CHIP" stocks. If you are a poker player, you can figure the highest value poker chip is blue. Which is where it's name originated.
These companies most likely have been around a very long time. You would know them by name right off the bat. They would have a top notch financial performance while dominating their industry.

Old school blue chippers:

• General Electric (GE)
• AT & T (T)
• Kraft Foods (KFT)
• Caterpillar (CAT)
• JPMorgan Chase (JPM)
• COKE COLA (KO)

   These are just a few of the companies that have been around for decades. That doesn't say there are not any blue chip stock that are fairly young. Nevertheless, the criteria are mostly the same.

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   A popular financial TV host Jim Cramer of the CNBC program "Mad Money". Dubbed the acronym, F.A.N.G. because of these 4 popular blue chip performing tech companies.....

• Facebook (FB)
• Amazon  (AMZN)
• Netflix (NFLX)
• Google aka Alphabet (GOOG & GOOGL)

Symbols after each company name are known as "Ticker symbol or stock symbol" 

these are the identifying letters associated within the exchanges.

These companies continue to sustain shares & sales growth.

$$$$ All of which is excellent news for investors $$$$

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Copyright © 2017 Andrew Hayes All Rights Reserved

DISCLOSURE: This post contains sponsored ads and I will be compensated if you make a purchase after clicking on my links.